NOAA: Breaking a record at the atmospheric carbon dioxide level jump-again (2023). European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation and Regulation 2018/1999
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The atmospheric carbon dioxide levels have broken a record. NOAA https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/broken-record-atmospheric-carbon-dioxide-levels-jump-again (2023).
The European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Establishing the Framework for Achieving Climate Neutrality and Amending Regulation (EU) 2018/1999 The European Climate Law is being pushed by the European Commission.
Smalley, R. E. Future global energy prosperity: the terawatt challenge. MRS Bull. 30, pp 41–423. This study and the next one discuss the magnitude of the challenges with respect to the energy transition.
Source: The refinery of the future
Bio-Refinery and Biocharging – State of the Art and a Review of Recent Advances in Carbon Capture Storage and Utilisation Technologies
A green and sustainable manufacture of chemicals frombiomass: state of the art. Green Chem. 16, 950–963 (2014). The paper gives a good overview of the field of catalytic biomass conversion.
Reliance Industries Limited. Oil refining and marketing Reliance Industries Limited https://www.ril.com/ourbusinesses/petroleumrefiningandmarketing.aspx (2021).
The review examined improvements in bio-refinery economics by upgradation of bio-oil and biochar. This is Environ. Technol. Innov. 21, 101276 (2021).
Osman, A. I., Hefny, M., Abdel Maksoud, M. I. A., Elgarahy, A. M. & Rooney, D. W. Advances in carbon capture storage and utilisation technologies are reviewed. A description of the area. Chem. Lett. 19 was held from January to October.
Beuttler, C., Charles, L. & Wurzbacher, J. The role of direct air capture in mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Front. Clim. 1, 469555 (2019).
Climeworks has signed ground breaking agreements with (2020) and the future of energy, sustainable aviation-fuel and synthetic-kerosene
Climeworks. Climeworks and ON Power work together. Climeworks https://www.climeworks.com/news/climeworks-has-signed-groundbreaking-agreements-with (2020).
Madhu, K., Pauliuk, S., Dhathri, S. & Creutzig, F. Understanding environmental trade-offs and resource demand of direct air capture technologies through comparative life-cycle assessment. Nat. Energy 6, 1035–1044 (2021).
Daza, Y. A. & Kuhn, J. N. CO2 conversion by reverse water gas shift catalysis: comparison of catalysts, mechanisms and their consequences for CO2 conversion to liquid fuels. RCSA Adv. 6, 49668–49691.
Khodakov, A. Y., Chu, W. & Fongarland, P. Advances in the development of novel cobalt Fischer–Tropsch catalysts for synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons and clean fuels. Chem. Rev. 10, 1692–1744.
Shell. There is an alternative to synthetic kerosene. The future ofenergy, sustainable-aviation-fuel andsynthetic-kerosene are some of the topics discussed by Shell.
Synthesis of FORMIC acid via CO2 hydrogenation: a new approach from the Latin word for “carrot” — B Environ. 295, 120319.
Bahmanpour, A. M., Signorile, M. & Kröcher, O. Recent progress in syngas production via catalytic CO2 hydrogenation reaction. It can be difficult to evaluate the efficiency with which it is applied. The word Catal is derived from the Latin words for “carrot.” The year is called B Environ. 295, 120319.
F. Y., M. R., and S. H. are involved in a study of CO2 to CO conversion. J. Mater. Chem. A 8, 15458–15478 (2020).
The FORMIC acid was synthesised using a combination of concurrent CH3 OH oxidation and concurrent CO2 reduction. Angew. Chem. 133, 3185–3192 will be in action over the next decade.
Source: The refinery of the future
Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Nat. Rev. Chem. 3, 223–249 (2019)
They were joined by Weckhuysen, B. M. The renaissance of the Sabatier reaction is being applied on Earth and in space. Nat. Catal. 2, 188–197 (2019).
There are several chemistries and processes that can be utilized for the conversion of tallow into gasoline and diesel. Nat. Rev. Chem. 3, 223–249 (2019). The article gives an overview of the potentials for making diesel and jet fuel from a renewable source.
U Olsbye and others. The degradation of active species during the conversion of strontium to methanol. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 7155–7176 (2015).
Huber, G. W., Iborra, S. & Corma, A. Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering. Chem. Rev. 106, 4044–4098 (2006).
Sudarsanam, P., Peeters, E., Makshina, E. V., Parvulescu, V. I. & Sels, B. F. Advances in porous and nanoscale catalysts for viable biomass conversion. It’s Chem. There is a revision of the edition of the Rev. 48.
Reductive catalysts for sustainable production of hydrogen, fuels, and chemicals from polyols were presented. Go forward. There is a rule about sustaining. Energy Rev. 127, 109852 (2020).
C., de Visser, M. M., Van Rossum, G., Kersten, S. R. A., and Lange, J P. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 125, 136–141.
Jeswani, H. et al. In comparison to mechanical recycling and energy recovery the life cycle environmental impacts of chemical recycling are different. Is it Sci. Total Environ. 769, 144483 (2021).
Rodrguez- Luna, D and Valenzuela were involved in two-step pyrolysis for waste. Process. Environ. Prot. 149, , will be implemented in 2021.
There is a need for sub and supercritical water for chemical recycling. The material contained in the Chem. It was an engineer. Sci. 233, 116389 (2021).
Source: The refinery of the future
Climeworks Announces Groundbreaking on Mammoth (2022): Factfulness Ten Reasons We’re Wrong About the World (by Hodder and Stoughton)
Factfulness: Ten Reasons we’re Wrong about the World is a book written by Hodder and Stoughton.
Climeworks. Climeworks has another major step towards building a gigaton DAC capacity. Climeworks https://climeworks.com/news/climeworks-announces-groundbreaking-on-mammoth (2022).
Ehteshami, S. M. M. & Chan, S. H. Hydrogen and fuel cells have a role in the future energy network. Energy Policy 73, 103–109 (2014).
Cost Development of Low Carbon Energy Technologies: Scenario-based Cost Trajectories to 2050, is available from the Office of the European Union.
Lord, A. S., Kobos, P. H., and Borns, D.J. discuss the use of hydrogen in transportation. Int. J. Hydrog. The energy was 39, 15570–15582.
Yates, J. There is an analysis of hydrogen electrolysis from off-grid stand-alone photovoltaics. The cells of the body called the Cell Rep. Sci. 1, 100209 (2020).
The Energy Information Administration (EISA) in the UK and the Global Solar Atlas (Global Photovoltaic Power Potential (The refinery of the future)
The U.S. Energy Information Administration works on energy issues. Utility scale generators typically use non-fossil fuels. The U.S. Energy Information Administration can be found on their website.
The UK has a Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. The Digest of UK Energy Statistics. gov.uk has a collection ofdigestofukenergystatistics-dukes
Global Solar Atlas. The country has a factsheet about the Global Photovoltaic Power Potential. The globalsolaratlas.Info has a potential-study about it.
Source: The refinery of the future
The case of a water exchange device for nuclear power in France. A feasibility study by the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA 2019). The refinery of the future
GE Renewable Energy is powered by renewable energy. Haliade-X offshore turbine. Thehaliade-X-offshore-turbine is powered by GE Renewable Energy. (2022).
Sens, L., Neuling, U. & Kaltschmitt, M. Capital expenditure and levelized cost of electricity of photovoltaic plants and wind turbines – development by 2050. Renew. Energy 195, 525, and 537 were published.
The International Renewable Energy Agency is based in Germany. Future of Wind: Deployment, Investment, Technology, Grid Integration and Socio-economic Aspects (IRENA, 2019).
A cost analysis for a water exchange device was done.
World Nuclear Association. Nuclear power in France. There is a world nuclear association, you can find information on country profiles.
Source: The refinery of the future
The U.S. Geological Survey. Critical-Malaines List for Water Electrolysers at the Example of the Energy Transition in Germany
The transition toward a decarbonised energy system has the potential to have a negative effect on the demand for raw materials.
U.S. Geological Survey. The critical minerals list is from the U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey https://www.usgs.gov/news/national-news-release/us-geological-survey-releases-2022-list-critical-minerals (2022).
Kiemel, S. et al. Critical materials for water electrolysers at the example of the energy transition in Germany. Int. J. Energy Res. 45, 9914–9935 (2021).
Vidal, O., Goffé, B. & Arndt, N. Metals for a low-carbon society. Nat. Geosci. 6, 884–884 last year. Paper articulating that a shift to renewable energy will replace one non-renewable resource (fossil fuel) by another non-renewable resource (metals and minerals).
Source: The refinery of the future
Towards an atomistic picture of electrocatalytic partial hydrocarbon oxidation: Propene on palladium and the Ellen MacArthur Foundation
The Ellen MacArthur Foundation works to improve the lives of people. The New Plastic Economy: Rethinking the Future of plastic is a report by the World Economic Forum.
A Winiwarter and her husband, A. et al. Towards an atomistic understanding of electrocatalytic partial hydrocarbon oxidation: propene on palladium. Energy Environ. There’s a report aboutSci 12, 1055–1067.
A hydrogen production process by molten copper. J. Hydrog. Energy 48, 6233–6263 was created in the year 2023.
Source: The refinery of the future
Mapping global flows of chemicals: from fossil fuel feedstocks to chemical products. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 4956-4960 (2021)
Levi, P. G. & Cullen, J. M. Mapping global flows of chemicals: from fossil fuel feedstocks to chemical products. Environ. Sci. Technol. 52, 1725–1734 were released this year.
A plan for a new decade is written in chemistry. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 4956–4960 (2021). Visionary article on the transition from chemistry of transformation towards chemistry of reuse.
Talanquer, V., Bucat, R., Tasker, R. & Mahaffy, P. G. Lessons from a pandemic: educating for complexity, change, uncertainty, vulnerability, and resilience. 97, 2699–2700 is a J. Chem. Educ.
Source: The refinery of the future
Sustainable biorefinery: What is learning from the design, analysis, and implementation of world’s largest low-carbon hydrogen membrane-based production unit
Kim, Y. T., Lee, J.-J. & Lee, J. Electricity-driven reactors that promote thermochemical catalytic reactions via joule and induction heating: a review. Chem. Eng. J. 470, 144333 (2023).
Balakotaiah, V. & Ratnakar, R. R. Modular reactors with electrical resistance heating for hydrocarbon cracking and other endothermic reactions. AIChE The book was titled J. 68, e 17542.
BASF. The world’s first demonstration plant for large-scale steam cracker furnaces is being built by a group of companies. The first demonstration of sustainable construction will take place in the city of Sbic and Lille.
Coolbrook. Coolbrook cracks naphtha in its pilot plant which leads to zero-carbon steam cracking. Coolbrook was able to crack naphtha in its large-scale pilot plant.
Air Liquide. Air Liquide inaugurates the world’s largest low-carbon hydrogen membrane-based production unit in Canada. Air Liquide https://energies.airliquide.com/air-liquide-inaugurates-worlds-largest-low-carbon-hydrogen-membrane-based-production-unit-canada (2021).
What was learned from the design, analysis, and implementation of sustainable biorefineries was presented. J. Sustain. Dev. The energy water environment. The Syst. 8, 88–171, was published in 2020.
U.S. Energy Information Administration. Oil and petroleum products explained: refining crude oil. U.S. Energy Information Administration https://www.eia.gov/energyexplained/oil-and-petroleum-products/refining-crude-oil-inputs-and-outputs.php (2019).
Refineries’ essential role in the manufacture of drugs and everyday household products also needs to be addressed. The aim of ongoing talks on the U.N. plastics treaty is to reduce humanity’s material footprint.
In the net-zero scenario used by the authors, demand for conventionally produced carbon-based transportation fuels is still expected to exist, at around one-third of today’s levels. Fuels like this will be needed in order to satisfy the future energy needs in countries like Africa, Asia and Latin America. As the tourism industry continues to grow, the use of fuel in aviation will increase as well. Some projections forecast less demand for conventionally produced fossil fuels, but all scenarios suggest that alternatives to the production of such fuels are needed.
It is not known what the world will look like in 40 years. In future scenarios, fewer refinery might be needed. Ammonia can be produced without the emission of CO2 and used as fuel for internal combustion engines used in long-distance shipping, according to some researchers. The hydrogen needed to produce ammonia would need large quantities of energy, and that would require less refinery capacity.
Cost is a third question. It won’t be easy to build refinery capacity at large scales. Here, the obstacles are mostly considerations for decision-makers, rather than technological barriers. Replacing a refinery with technology compatible with net-zero goals would cost between 14 billion and 23 billion. They estimate that the total cost of converting the world’s refining capacity by 2050 would be between €320 billion and €520 billion per year.
Before it is too late, the research community is aware of how hard it will be to reach them in the future. A quarter of a century is a very short time for technological change. As such, we must take the next step and, following the authors’ advice, evaluate and develop the processes that ensure we reach net-zero targets as soon as and in the most effective way possible.